Zhenxin Wu is the deputy director of NDPP (National Digital Preservation Program), and she is also a senior researcher of National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Additionally, she is a professor of school of economics and management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China.
[本文的中文版如下]
We all know that we are in a world where "born digital material" has become the mainstream mode of academic communication, especially since Generation Z has become a part of the scientific research community. Therefore, sustainable access to digital scholarship resources is now an urgent strategic issue in the field of research and education in any country. However, due to the inherent risks of digital information in terms of media, formats, software, and systems, along with the international and commercial nature of the academic publishing market, it is not reasonable to assume that the sustainability of these resources is guaranteed. This is the principal reason for archiving commercial academic publishing resources.
China is currently the leading contributor to scientific publications[1], but most of its international publications are issued by 20+ commercial publishers operating outside of China[2]. Some Chinese institutions began digital preservation of scientific publications early on; for example, in 2009, the National Science Library (NSL)[3] of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) initiated long-term preservation agreements with SpringerLink and IOPP to archive publications.
However, NSL has keenly realized that to make it successful for digital preservation services in line with the needs of a country like China, it had to be a national collaboration to make use of the collective strengths of the whole library community which has been segmented into a few library consortia and their different channels of funding.
Therefore, around 2013, NSL decided that it would turn its own digital preservation service into a national one, run by the National Science and Technology Library (NSTL)[4], funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), whose legal duty is as the national platform to ensure access to scientific information. This national preservation service is the National Digital Preservation Program (NDPP)[5] .
NSTL is a virtual library, set up in 2000 to ensure access to international scientific literature and related services, which is funded by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology. Its 9 members are all national STEM information institutions, including NSL. It originally focused on printed publications and related services, then gradually embarked on digital publications.
When NSL shifted its digital preservation services to NSTL, it was not intended to evade any responsibilities or financial burdens, but to form a larger preservation community and to ensure that a trustworthy and sustainable preservation service was guaranteed through community "ownership", support, trust, and oversight that would serve not only the library community, but also the research and education communities that the library community serves
Therefore, a key challenge for the NDPP in the early stages of its establishment was to design a service mechanism that would build trust between preservation service providers and the library community, as well as between providers and publishers, and embed trust in the operation of the service and verify it in a participatory and transparent manner. This mechanism is supported by, involved and trusted by the national library community and the preservation partners of the publishing industry, and on this basis, a cooperation program based on multidimensional cooperation is implemented.
After 10 years of development, NDPP has formed a well-developed community, and operates a cooperative preservation network composed of 6 archiving institutions, 48 publishers, and 216 participating institutions.
The current five depository institutions of the NDPP include NSL, which represents national and quasi-national research institutions, the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC), which represents public STEM information institutions, and the Peking University Library (PKUL), which represents academic libraries，National Agricultural Library（NAL），which represents Chinese Academy of agricultural Sciences ，the Institute of Medical Information (IMI) & Library, which represents Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences .
Each archiving institution acts as an archive operator with planned divisions of responsibility for different publisher resources, and they are also responsible for persuading and uniting peers within their respective communities to support NDPP's national efforts while ensuring the reliability and sustainability of its services.
NDPP has established a series of norms for large-scale operations, adopting unified technical standards and systems; successfully mobilized funds from different jurisdictions to collectively share financial pressure; achieved economies of scale in digital preservation while avoiding excessive additional costs for individual libraries that already face financial challenges.
With such experience, NDPP places great importance on participating in the international preservation community. It has been a significant member of Keepers[6], supporting global registration for digital preservation of electronic publications. In 2023, NDPP became a member of DPC, participating in DPC’s rich member activities to gain more knowledge from the international preservation community and share its experiences. A good example is that NDPP surveyed and analyzed the capabilities of its member institutions, referencing DPC’s preservation capability framework, and formed a team training plan for NDPP, which was shared at the recently concluded iPRES2024 conference[7].
The arrival of the new normal era in the digital world comes with more challenges. We need to provide solutions for preserving more rich and complex digital objects and resources, professional digital operations, and even the digital lifecycle. Digital preservation is extending into many undeveloped and unexpected areas, requiring more complex and intelligent collaborations that include both technology and management.
Being a national preservation service provider, NDPP understands the importance of preserving digital academic resources. Our future work will be to better utilize the strengths, resources, experiences, and creativity of the community in an inherently inclusive, participatory, democratic, and effective collaborative manner.
借助社区的力量，更好地推动中国数字科技文献资源长期保存行动
每个人都知道：我们处在一个“原生数字资料”成为学术交流主体的时代，尤其是在“Z世代”进入科学研究领域之后。因此，对数字学术资源的可持续访问已经成为各个国家科研和教育体系所面临的一个紧迫的战略问题。然而，由于数字信息在媒体、格式、软件和系统方面的固有风险，兼及学术出版市场的国际和商业性质，我们不能想当然地认为这些数字科技学术资源的可持续性获取是理所当然的，这也是我们开展商业学术出版资源保存的主要原因。
中国已经成为科学出版物的第一贡献国1，但其大部分国际出版物是由 20 多家在中国境外经营的商业出版商发行的2。一些中国机构很早就开始了数字出版物保存，例如2009年在中国科学院（CAS）国家科学图书馆（NSL）3通过长期保存协议开始保存SpringerLink以及IOPP的出版物。
但NSL很快就敏锐地意识到，要让数字保存服务满足国家层面的需求，就必须要利用整个中国图书馆社区的力量，包括不同体系中的图书馆及其不同的资金渠道。因此在 2013 年前后，NSL决定将自己的数字保存服务转变为全国性的数字保存服务，即建立国家数字科技文献长期保存体系（NDPP）5，由国家科技图书馆 (NSTL)4 运营，由科技部 (MoST) 提供资助，作为国家平台来确保数字科技信息的可靠获取和本地保存。
NSTL是一个虚拟图书馆，成立于2000年，旨在确保国际科学文献的获取和服务。它由财政部和科技部资助。其9个创始成员均为国家科学、技术、工程和数学领域信息机构，包括NSL。
当 NSL 将数字保存服务转向 NSTL 时，其目的不是为了逃避任何责任或经济负担，而是为了形成更大的保存社区，并确保通过社区“所有权”、支持、信任、监督，以保证提供一个值得信赖和可持续的保存服务，这个服务不但为图书馆社区提供服务，也为图书馆社区所服务的研究和教育社区提供保存服务。
因此NDPP在建立初期的重要目标是设计一种服务机制，在保存服务提供者和图书馆社区之间以及保存服务提供者和出版者、资源提供者之间建立信任，并将信任嵌入到保存服务的运营中，并允许参与者以参与和透明的方式进行验证。该机制得到了中国图书馆界和出版业保存合作伙伴的支持、参与和信任，基于该机制NDPP实施了多维度的合作计划。
从2014年开始，经过10年的发展，NDPP形成了良好发展的社区，目前已经形成一个由6家存储机构、48家出版商、216个参与机构来组成的合作保存网络。NDPP目前的6个存储机构包括代表国家和准国家研究机构的NSL、代表公共STEM信息机构的中国科学技术信息研究所（ISTIC）和代表教育领域的北京大学图书馆（PKUL），代表中国农业科学院的国家农业图书馆，代表中国医学科学院的信息研究所/图书馆。每个存档机构都作为存储库的运营者，对不同的出版商资源有计划的分工，每个机构也有责任说服和团结各自社区的同行，支持 NDPP 在全国范围内的努力。
NDPP形成规模化运营的一系列规范，采用统一的技术标准和技术系统；成功地调动了在不同行政体系的资金来共同分担资金的压力；实现数字保存的规模经济，以避免已经面临财务挑战的单个存储机构的大量附加费用。
有了这样的经验，NDPP非常重视参与国际保存社区，NDPP一直是Keepers6的重要成员，支持全球电子出版物的保存注册；2023年NDPP成为DPC的成员，通过参与DPC丰富的成员活动来获得国际保存社区的知识并分享自己的经验。一个好的例子是，NDPP调研分析了现有成员机构团队的能力，参考DPC的保存能力框架，形成了NDPP的团队培训方案，并在刚刚结束的iPRES2024会议上进行了分享7。
随着数字世界新常态时代的到来，我们面临着更多的挑战，我们需要为保存丰富的数字对象和资源、数字化专业运营甚至数字化生命周期提供解决方案。数字保存正在延伸到许多未开发和意想不到的领域，这需要更多、更复杂、更智能的协作，包括技术和管理。
作为国家保存服务机构，NDPP了解保护数字学术资源的重要性。未来的工作将以一种更广泛的包容性、参与性、民主和有效的协作方式，更充分和更好地利用社区的力量、资源、经验和创造力，进一步推动数字科技文献资源的长期保存。
[1] Publications Output: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/publication-output-by-region-country-or-economy
[2] ESAC Market Watch. https://esac-initiative.org/market-watch/
[3] NSL. http://english.las.cas.cn/
[4] NSTL. https://www.nstl.gov.cn/Portal/zzjg_jgjj.html
[5] NDPP. https://www.ndpp.ac.cn/
[6] Keepers.https://keepers.issn.org/
[7] Honghu Fu, Zhenxin Wu, Practical Exploration of Digital Preservation Capability Training for NDPP Team. https://ipres2024.pubpub.org/papers-short